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      • 1a: Basic Arithmetic
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      • 2a: Unit Logic
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      • 2h: Set Logic
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      • 4h: Parsing (ASCII Glyphs)
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      • 4j: Parsing (Bases and Base Digits)
      • 4k: Atom Printing
      • 4l: Atom Parsing
      • 4m: Formatting Functions
      • 4n: Virtualization
      • 4o: Molds
      • 5a: Compiler Utilities
      • 5b: Macro Expansion
      • 5c: Compiler Backend & Prettyprinter
      • 5d: Parser
      • 5e: Molds and mold builders
      • 5f: Profiling support
      • Runes

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        • | bar · Cores
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        • --, == Terminators
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                                                  Urbit Developers
                                                  • Hoon

                                                    • Overview
                                                    • Cheat Sheet
                                                    • Irregular forms
                                                    • Hoon Errors
                                                    • Hoon Style Guide
                                                    • Basic Types
                                                    • Advanced Types
                                                    • Auras
                                                    • Arvo
                                                    • Standard Library

                                                      • 1a: Basic Arithmetic
                                                      • 1b: Tree Addressing
                                                      • 1c: Molds and Mold-Builders
                                                      • 2a: Unit Logic
                                                      • 2b: List Logic
                                                      • 2c: Bit Arithmetic
                                                      • 2d: Bit Logic
                                                      • 2e: Insecure Hashing
                                                      • 2f: Noun Ordering
                                                      • 2g: Unsigned Powers
                                                      • 2h: Set Logic
                                                      • 2i: Map Logic
                                                      • 2j: Jar and Jug Logic
                                                      • 2k: Queue Logic
                                                      • 2l: Container from Container
                                                      • 2m: Container from Noun
                                                      • 2n: Functional Hacks
                                                      • 2o: Normalizing Containers
                                                      • 2p: Serialization
                                                      • 2q: Molds and Mold-Builders
                                                      • 3a: Modular and Signed Ints
                                                      • 3b: Floating Point
                                                      • 3c: Urbit Time
                                                      • 3d: SHA Hash Family
                                                      • 3e: AES encryption (Removed)
                                                      • 3f: Scrambling
                                                      • 3g: Molds and Mold-Builders
                                                      • 4a: Exotic Bases
                                                      • 4b: Text Processing
                                                      • 4c: Tank Printer
                                                      • 4d: Parsing (Tracing)
                                                      • 4e: Parsing (Combinators)
                                                      • 4f: Parsing (Rule-Builders)
                                                      • 4g: Parsing (Outside Caller)
                                                      • 4h: Parsing (ASCII Glyphs)
                                                      • 4i: Parsing (Useful Idioms)
                                                      • 4j: Parsing (Bases and Base Digits)
                                                      • 4k: Atom Printing
                                                      • 4l: Atom Parsing
                                                      • 4m: Formatting Functions
                                                      • 4n: Virtualization
                                                      • 4o: Molds
                                                      • 5a: Compiler Utilities
                                                      • 5b: Macro Expansion
                                                      • 5c: Compiler Backend & Prettyprinter
                                                      • 5d: Parser
                                                      • 5e: Molds and mold builders
                                                      • 5f: Profiling support
                                                      • Runes

                                                        • Constants (Atoms and Strings)
                                                        • + lus · Arms
                                                        • | bar · Cores
                                                        • $ buc · Structures
                                                        • % cen · Calls
                                                        • : col · Cells
                                                        • . dot · Nock
                                                        • / fas · Imports
                                                        • ^ ket · Casts
                                                        • ; mic · Make
                                                        • ~ sig · Hints
                                                        • = tis · Subject
                                                        • ? wut · Conditionals
                                                        • ! zap · Wild
                                                        • --, == Terminators
                                                        • Limbs and wings

                                                          • Limbs
                                                          • Wings
                                                          • Zuse

                                                            • 2d(1-5): To JSON, Wains
                                                            • 2d(6): From JSON
                                                            • 2d(7): From JSON (unit)
                                                            • 2e(2-3): Print & Parse JSON
                                                            • 2m: Ordered Maps
                                                          • Arvo

                                                            • Overview
                                                            • Ames

                                                              • Overview
                                                              • Cryptography
                                                              • API Reference
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                                                              • Data Types
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                                                                    • Eyre

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                                                                          • Example
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                                                                                  • Examples

                                                                                    • Fetch JSON
                                                                                    • Child Thread
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                                                                                  • Concepts

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                                                                                      • Reference

                                                                                        • Cryptography
                                                                                        • Filesystem Hierarchy
                                                                                      • Nock

                                                                                        • Nock Definition
                                                                                        • Explanation
                                                                                        • Example
                                                                                        • Implementations
                                                                                        • Vere

                                                                                          • C Runtime System
                                                                                          • Land of Nouns
                                                                                          • API overview by prefix
                                                                                          • C in Urbit
                                                                                          • Writing Jets
                                                                                          • Cryptography
                                                                                          • Azimuth

                                                                                            • Overview
                                                                                            • Urbit HD Wallet
                                                                                            • Azimuth Data Flow
                                                                                            • Azimuth.eth
                                                                                            • Ecliptic.eth
                                                                                            • Advanced Azimuth Tools
                                                                                            • Life and Rift
                                                                                            • Layer 2

                                                                                              • Layer 2 Overview
                                                                                              • Layer 2 Actions
                                                                                              • Transaction Format
                                                                                              • Rollers
                                                                                              • Roller HTTP RPC-API
                                                                                              • Custom Roller Tutorial
                                                                                            • Glossary

                                                                                              • Agent
                                                                                              • Ames
                                                                                              • API
                                                                                              • Aqua
                                                                                              • Arm
                                                                                              • Arvo
                                                                                              • Atom
                                                                                              • Aura
                                                                                              • Aural ASCII
                                                                                              • Azimuth
                                                                                              • Battery
                                                                                              • Behn
                                                                                              • Bowl
                                                                                              • Bridge
                                                                                              • Bunt
                                                                                              • Card
                                                                                              • Case
                                                                                              • Cask
                                                                                              • Cell
                                                                                              • Censures
                                                                                              • Claims
                                                                                              • Clay
                                                                                              • Cold atom
                                                                                              • Comet
                                                                                              • Commit
                                                                                              • Cons
                                                                                              • Context
                                                                                              • Cord
                                                                                              • Core
                                                                                              • Delegated Sending
                                                                                              • Desk
                                                                                              • Dill
                                                                                              • Document Proposal
                                                                                              • Dojo
                                                                                              • Door
                                                                                              • Double-boot
                                                                                              • Dry Gate
                                                                                              • Duct
                                                                                              • Ecliptic
                                                                                              • Entropy
                                                                                              • Event Log
                                                                                              • Eyre
                                                                                              • Face
                                                                                              • Fact
                                                                                              • Foo Bar Baz
                                                                                              • Galaxy
                                                                                              • Gall
                                                                                              • Garden
                                                                                              • Gate
                                                                                              • Generator
                                                                                              • Gift
                                                                                              • Glob
                                                                                              • HD Wallet
                                                                                              • Helm
                                                                                              • Hood
                                                                                              • Hoon
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                                                                                              • @p
                                                                                              • Payload
                                                                                              • Peek
                                                                                              • pH
                                                                                              • Pier
                                                                                              • Pill
                                                                                              • Planet
                                                                                              • Poke
                                                                                              • Proxies
                                                                                              • Scry
                                                                                              • Replay
                                                                                              • Factory Reset
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                                                                                              • Naive rollups
                                                                                              • Rune
                                                                                              • Runtime
                                                                                              • Sail
                                                                                              • Sample
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                                                                                              • Senate
                                                                                              • Ship
                                                                                              • Slam
                                                                                              • Spider
                                                                                              • Sponsor
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                                                                                              • Vase
                                                                                              • Vere
                                                                                              • Voting
                                                                                              • Warm atom
                                                                                              • Wet Gate
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                                                                                                    • Overview
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                                                                                                  Reference/Hoon/Standard Library

                                                                                                  5a: Compiler Utilities

                                                                                                  These functions are used internally by the compiler. They should not be used directly and are only listed here for completeness.

                                                                                                  ++musk

                                                                                                  Nock with block set

                                                                                                  Source

                                                                                                  This function is extremely large, please refer to hoon.hoon for the source.


                                                                                                  ++bool

                                                                                                  Make loobean

                                                                                                  Source

                                                                                                  ++ bool `type`(fork [%atom %f `0] [%atom %f `1] ~)

                                                                                                  ++cell

                                                                                                  Make %cell type

                                                                                                  Source

                                                                                                  ++ cell
                                                                                                  ~/ %cell
                                                                                                  |= [hed=type tal=type]
                                                                                                  ^- type
                                                                                                  ?:(=(%void hed) %void ?:(=(%void tal) %void [%cell hed tal]))

                                                                                                  ++core

                                                                                                  Make %core type

                                                                                                  Source

                                                                                                  ++ core
                                                                                                  ~/ %core
                                                                                                  |= [pac=type con=coil]
                                                                                                  ^- type
                                                                                                  ?:(=(%void pac) %void [%core pac con])

                                                                                                  ++hint

                                                                                                  Make %hint type

                                                                                                  Source

                                                                                                  ++ hint
                                                                                                  |= [p=(pair type note) q=type]
                                                                                                  ^- type
                                                                                                  ?: =(%void q) %void
                                                                                                  ?: =(%noun q) %noun
                                                                                                  [%hint p q]

                                                                                                  ++face

                                                                                                  Make %face type

                                                                                                  Source

                                                                                                  ++ face
                                                                                                  ~/ %face
                                                                                                  |= [giz=$@(term tune) der=type]
                                                                                                  ^- type
                                                                                                  ?: =(%void der)
                                                                                                  %void
                                                                                                  [%face giz der]

                                                                                                  ++fork

                                                                                                  Make %fork type

                                                                                                  Source

                                                                                                  ++ fork
                                                                                                  ~/ %fork
                                                                                                  |= yed=(list type)
                                                                                                  =| lez=(set type)
                                                                                                  |- ^- type
                                                                                                  ?~ yed
                                                                                                  ?~ lez %void
                                                                                                  ?: ?=([* ~ ~] lez) n.lez
                                                                                                  [%fork lez]
                                                                                                  %= $
                                                                                                  yed t.yed
                                                                                                  lez
                                                                                                  ?: =(%void i.yed) lez
                                                                                                  ?: ?=([%fork *] i.yed) (~(uni in lez) p.i.yed)
                                                                                                  (~(put in lez) i.yed)
                                                                                                  ==

                                                                                                  ++cove

                                                                                                  Extract [0 *] axis

                                                                                                  Source

                                                                                                  ++ cove
                                                                                                  |= nug=nock
                                                                                                  ?- nug
                                                                                                  [%0 *] p.nug
                                                                                                  [%11 *] $(nug q.nug)
                                                                                                  * ~_(leaf+"cove" !!)
                                                                                                  ==

                                                                                                  ++comb

                                                                                                  Combine two formulas

                                                                                                  Source

                                                                                                  ++ comb
                                                                                                  ~/ %comb
                                                                                                  |= [mal=nock buz=nock]
                                                                                                  ^- nock
                                                                                                  ?: ?&(?=([%0 *] mal) !=(0 p.mal))
                                                                                                  ?: ?&(?=([%0 *] buz) !=(0 p.buz))
                                                                                                  [%0 (peg p.mal p.buz)]
                                                                                                  ?: ?=([%2 [%0 *] [%0 *]] buz)
                                                                                                  [%2 [%0 (peg p.mal p.p.buz)] [%0 (peg p.mal p.q.buz)]]
                                                                                                  [%7 mal buz]
                                                                                                  ?: ?=([^ [%0 %1]] mal)
                                                                                                  [%8 p.mal buz]
                                                                                                  ?: =([%0 %1] buz)
                                                                                                  mal
                                                                                                  [%7 mal buz]

                                                                                                  ++cond

                                                                                                  ?: compile

                                                                                                  Source

                                                                                                  ++ cond
                                                                                                  ~/ %cond
                                                                                                  |= [pex=nock yom=nock woq=nock]
                                                                                                  ^- nock
                                                                                                  ?- pex
                                                                                                  [%1 %0] yom
                                                                                                  [%1 %1] woq
                                                                                                  * [%6 pex yom woq]
                                                                                                  ==

                                                                                                  ++cons

                                                                                                  Make formula cell

                                                                                                  Source

                                                                                                  ++ cons
                                                                                                  ~/ %cons
                                                                                                  |= [vur=nock sed=nock]
                                                                                                  ^- nock
                                                                                                  :: this optimization can remove crashes which are essential
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  :: ?: ?=([[%0 *] [%0 *]] +<)
                                                                                                  :: ?: ?&(=(+(p.vur) p.sed) =((div p.vur 2) (div p.sed 2)))
                                                                                                  :: [%0 (div p.vur 2)]
                                                                                                  :: [vur sed]
                                                                                                  ?: ?=([[%1 *] [%1 *]] +<)
                                                                                                  [%1 p.vur p.sed]
                                                                                                  [vur sed]

                                                                                                  ++fitz

                                                                                                  Aura compatibility

                                                                                                  Source

                                                                                                  ++ fitz
                                                                                                  ~/ %fitz
                                                                                                  |= [yaz=term wix=term]
                                                                                                  =+ ^= fiz
                                                                                                  |= mot=@ta ^- [p=@ q=@ta]
                                                                                                  =+ len=(met 3 mot)
                                                                                                  ?: =(0 len)
                                                                                                  [0 %$]
                                                                                                  =+ tyl=(rsh [3 (dec len)] mot)
                                                                                                  ?: &((gte tyl 'A') (lte tyl 'Z'))
                                                                                                  [(sub tyl 64) (end [3 (dec len)] mot)]
                                                                                                  [0 mot]
                                                                                                  =+ [yoz=(fiz yaz) wux=(fiz wix)]
                                                                                                  ?& ?| =(0 p.yoz)
                                                                                                  =(0 p.wux)
                                                                                                  &(!=(0 p.wux) (lte p.wux p.yoz))
                                                                                                  ==
                                                                                                  |- ?| =(%$ p.yoz)
                                                                                                  =(%$ p.wux)
                                                                                                  ?& =((end 3 p.yoz) (end 3 p.wux))
                                                                                                  $(p.yoz (rsh 3 p.yoz), p.wux (rsh 3 p.wux))
                                                                                                  ==
                                                                                                  ==
                                                                                                  ==

                                                                                                  ++flan

                                                                                                  Loobean &

                                                                                                  Source

                                                                                                  ++ flan
                                                                                                  ~/ %flan
                                                                                                  |= [bos=nock nif=nock]
                                                                                                  ^- nock
                                                                                                  ?: =(bos nif) bos
                                                                                                  ?: =([%0 0] bos) nif
                                                                                                  ?: =([%0 0] nif) bos
                                                                                                  ?- bos
                                                                                                  [%1 %1] bos
                                                                                                  [%1 %0] nif
                                                                                                  *
                                                                                                  ?- nif
                                                                                                  [%1 %1] nif
                                                                                                  [%1 %0] bos
                                                                                                  * [%6 bos nif [%1 1]]
                                                                                                  ==
                                                                                                  ==

                                                                                                  ++flip

                                                                                                  Loobean negation

                                                                                                  Source

                                                                                                  ++ flip
                                                                                                  ~/ %flip
                                                                                                  |= dyr=nock
                                                                                                  ?: =([%0 0] dyr) dyr
                                                                                                  [%6 dyr [%1 1] [%1 0]]

                                                                                                  ++flor

                                                                                                  Loobean |

                                                                                                  Source

                                                                                                  ++ flor
                                                                                                  ~/ %flor
                                                                                                  |= [bos=nock nif=nock]
                                                                                                  ^- nock
                                                                                                  ?: =(bos nif) bos
                                                                                                  ?: =([%0 0] bos) nif
                                                                                                  ?: =([%0 0] nif) bos
                                                                                                  ?- bos
                                                                                                  [%1 %1] nif
                                                                                                  [%1 %0] bos
                                                                                                  *
                                                                                                  ?- nif
                                                                                                  [%1 %1] bos
                                                                                                  [%1 %0] nif
                                                                                                  * [%6 bos [%1 0] nif]
                                                                                                  ==
                                                                                                  ==

                                                                                                  ++hike

                                                                                                  Compiler utility

                                                                                                  Source

                                                                                                  ++ hike
                                                                                                  ~/ %hike
                                                                                                  |= [a=axis pac=(list (pair axis nock))]
                                                                                                  |^ =/ rel=(map axis nock) (roll pac insert)
                                                                                                  =/ ord=(list axis) (sort ~(tap in ~(key by rel)) gth)
                                                                                                  |- ^- nock
                                                                                                  ?~ ord
                                                                                                  [%0 a]
                                                                                                  =/ b=axis i.ord
                                                                                                  =/ c=nock (~(got by rel) b)
                                                                                                  =/ d=nock $(ord t.ord)
                                                                                                  [%10 [b c] d]
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  ++ contains
                                                                                                  |= [container=axis contained=axis]
                                                                                                  ^- ?
                                                                                                  =/ big=@ (met 0 container)
                                                                                                  =/ small=@ (met 0 contained)
                                                                                                  ?: (lte small big) |
                                                                                                  =/ dif=@ (sub small big)
                                                                                                  =(container (rsh [0 dif] contained))
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  ++ parent
                                                                                                  |= a=axis
                                                                                                  `axis`(rsh 0 a)
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  ++ sibling
                                                                                                  |= a=axis
                                                                                                  ^- axis
                                                                                                  ?~ (mod a 2)
                                                                                                  +(a)
                                                                                                  (dec a)
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  ++ insert
                                                                                                  |= [e=[axe=axis fol=nock] n=(map axis nock)]
                                                                                                  ^- (map axis nock)
                                                                                                  ?: =/ a=axis axe.e
                                                                                                  |- ^- ?
                                                                                                  ?: =(1 a) |
                                                                                                  ?: (~(has by n) a)
                                                                                                  &
                                                                                                  $(a (parent a))
                                                                                                  :: parent already in
                                                                                                  n
                                                                                                  =. n
                                                                                                  :: remove children
                                                                                                  %+ roll ~(tap by n)
                                                                                                  |= [[axe=axis fol=nock] m=_n]
                                                                                                  ?. (contains axe.e axe) m
                                                                                                  (~(del by m) axe)
                                                                                                  =/ sib (sibling axe.e)
                                                                                                  =/ un (~(get by n) sib)
                                                                                                  ?~ un (~(put by n) axe.e fol.e)
                                                                                                  :: replace sibling with parent
                                                                                                  %= $
                                                                                                  n (~(del by n) sib)
                                                                                                  e :- (parent sib)
                                                                                                  ?: (gth sib axe.e)
                                                                                                  (cons fol.e u.un)
                                                                                                  (cons u.un fol.e)
                                                                                                  ==
                                                                                                  --

                                                                                                  ++jock

                                                                                                  Compiler utility

                                                                                                  Source

                                                                                                  ++ jock
                                                                                                  |= rad=?
                                                                                                  |= lot=coin ^- hoon
                                                                                                  ?- -.lot
                                                                                                  ~
                                                                                                  ?:(rad [%rock p.lot] [%sand p.lot])
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  %blob
                                                                                                  ?: rad
                                                                                                  [%rock %$ p.lot]
                                                                                                  ?@(p.lot [%sand %$ p.lot] [$(p.lot -.p.lot) $(p.lot +.p.lot)])
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  %many
                                                                                                  [%cltr (turn p.lot |=(a=coin ^$(lot a)))]
                                                                                                  ==

                                                                                                  ++look

                                                                                                  Compiler utility

                                                                                                  Source

                                                                                                  ++ look
                                                                                                  ~/ %look
                                                                                                  |= [cog=term dab=(map term hoon)]
                                                                                                  =+ axe=1
                                                                                                  |- ^- (unit [p=axis q=hoon])
                                                                                                  ?- dab
                                                                                                  ~ ~
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  [* ~ ~]
                                                                                                  ?:(=(cog p.n.dab) [~ axe q.n.dab] ~)
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  [* ~ *]
                                                                                                  ?: =(cog p.n.dab)
                                                                                                  [~ (peg axe 2) q.n.dab]
                                                                                                  ?: (gor cog p.n.dab)
                                                                                                  ~
                                                                                                  $(axe (peg axe 3), dab r.dab)
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  [* * ~]
                                                                                                  ?: =(cog p.n.dab)
                                                                                                  [~ (peg axe 2) q.n.dab]
                                                                                                  ?: (gor cog p.n.dab)
                                                                                                  $(axe (peg axe 3), dab l.dab)
                                                                                                  ~
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  [* * *]
                                                                                                  ?: =(cog p.n.dab)
                                                                                                  [~ (peg axe 2) q.n.dab]
                                                                                                  ?: (gor cog p.n.dab)
                                                                                                  $(axe (peg axe 6), dab l.dab)
                                                                                                  $(axe (peg axe 7), dab r.dab)
                                                                                                  ==

                                                                                                  ++loot

                                                                                                  Compiler utility

                                                                                                  Source

                                                                                                  ++ loot
                                                                                                  ~/ %loot
                                                                                                  |= [cog=term dom=(map term tome)]
                                                                                                  =+ axe=1
                                                                                                  |- ^- (unit [p=axis q=hoon])
                                                                                                  ?- dom
                                                                                                  ~ ~
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  [* ~ ~]
                                                                                                  %+ bind (look cog q.q.n.dom)
                                                                                                  |=((pair axis hoon) [(peg axe p) q])
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  [* ~ *]
                                                                                                  =+ yep=(look cog q.q.n.dom)
                                                                                                  ?^ yep
                                                                                                  [~ (peg (peg axe 2) p.u.yep) q.u.yep]
                                                                                                  $(axe (peg axe 3), dom r.dom)
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  [* * ~]
                                                                                                  =+ yep=(look cog q.q.n.dom)
                                                                                                  ?^ yep
                                                                                                  [~ (peg (peg axe 2) p.u.yep) q.u.yep]
                                                                                                  $(axe (peg axe 3), dom l.dom)
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  [* * *]
                                                                                                  =+ yep=(look cog q.q.n.dom)
                                                                                                  ?^ yep
                                                                                                  [~ (peg (peg axe 2) p.u.yep) q.u.yep]
                                                                                                  =+ pey=$(axe (peg axe 6), dom l.dom)
                                                                                                  ?^ pey pey
                                                                                                  $(axe (peg axe 7), dom r.dom)
                                                                                                  ==

                                                                                                  <-

                                                                                                  4o: Molds

                                                                                                  5b: Macro Expansion

                                                                                                  ->

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                                                                                                  Last modified August 30, 2023