Urbit Developers
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    • Standard Library

      • 1a: Basic Arithmetic
      • 1b: Tree Addressing
      • 1c: Molds and Mold-Builders
      • 2a: Unit Logic
      • 2b: List Logic
      • 2c: Bit Arithmetic
      • 2d: Bit Logic
      • 2e: Insecure Hashing
      • 2f: Noun Ordering
      • 2g: Unsigned Powers
      • 2h: Set Logic
      • 2i: Map Logic
      • 2j: Jar and Jug Logic
      • 2k: Queue Logic
      • 2l: Container from Container
      • 2m: Container from Noun
      • 2n: Functional Hacks
      • 2o: Normalizing Containers
      • 2p: Serialization
      • 2q: Molds and Mold-Builders
      • 3a: Modular and Signed Ints
      • 3b: Floating Point
      • 3c: Urbit Time
      • 3d: SHA Hash Family
      • 3e: AES encryption (Removed)
      • 3f: Scrambling
      • 3g: Molds and Mold-Builders
      • 4a: Exotic Bases
      • 4b: Text Processing
      • 4c: Tank Printer
      • 4d: Parsing (Tracing)
      • 4e: Parsing (Combinators)
      • 4f: Parsing (Rule-Builders)
      • 4g: Parsing (Outside Caller)
      • 4h: Parsing (ASCII Glyphs)
      • 4i: Parsing (Useful Idioms)
      • 4j: Parsing (Bases and Base Digits)
      • 4k: Atom Printing
      • 4l: Atom Parsing
      • 4m: Formatting Functions
      • 4n: Virtualization
      • 4o: Molds
      • 5a: Compiler Utilities
      • 5b: Macro Expansion
      • 5c: Compiler Backend & Prettyprinter
      • 5d: Parser
      • 5e: Molds and mold builders
      • 5f: Profiling support
      • Runes

        • Constants (Atoms and Strings)
        • + lus · Arms
        • | bar · Cores
        • $ buc · Structures
        • % cen · Calls
        • : col · Cells
        • . dot · Nock
        • / fas · Imports
        • ^ ket · Casts
        • ; mic · Make
        • ~ sig · Hints
        • = tis · Subject
        • ? wut · Conditionals
        • ! zap · Wild
        • --, == Terminators
        • Limbs and wings

          • Limbs
          • Wings
          • Zuse

            • 2d(1-5): To JSON, Wains
            • 2d(6): From JSON
            • 2d(7): From JSON (unit)
            • 2e(2-3): Print & Parse JSON
            • 2m: Ordered Maps
          • Arvo

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                  • Dill

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                    • Eyre

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                      • Guide
                      • Gall

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                        • Iris

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                          • Example
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                                              • Agent
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                                              • Additional

                                                • Cryptography
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                                                  • Docs App

                                                    • Overview
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                                                    • Suggested Structure
                                                  Urbit Developers
                                                  • Hoon

                                                    • Overview
                                                    • Cheat Sheet
                                                    • Irregular forms
                                                    • Hoon Errors
                                                    • Hoon Style Guide
                                                    • Basic Types
                                                    • Advanced Types
                                                    • Auras
                                                    • Arvo
                                                    • Standard Library

                                                      • 1a: Basic Arithmetic
                                                      • 1b: Tree Addressing
                                                      • 1c: Molds and Mold-Builders
                                                      • 2a: Unit Logic
                                                      • 2b: List Logic
                                                      • 2c: Bit Arithmetic
                                                      • 2d: Bit Logic
                                                      • 2e: Insecure Hashing
                                                      • 2f: Noun Ordering
                                                      • 2g: Unsigned Powers
                                                      • 2h: Set Logic
                                                      • 2i: Map Logic
                                                      • 2j: Jar and Jug Logic
                                                      • 2k: Queue Logic
                                                      • 2l: Container from Container
                                                      • 2m: Container from Noun
                                                      • 2n: Functional Hacks
                                                      • 2o: Normalizing Containers
                                                      • 2p: Serialization
                                                      • 2q: Molds and Mold-Builders
                                                      • 3a: Modular and Signed Ints
                                                      • 3b: Floating Point
                                                      • 3c: Urbit Time
                                                      • 3d: SHA Hash Family
                                                      • 3e: AES encryption (Removed)
                                                      • 3f: Scrambling
                                                      • 3g: Molds and Mold-Builders
                                                      • 4a: Exotic Bases
                                                      • 4b: Text Processing
                                                      • 4c: Tank Printer
                                                      • 4d: Parsing (Tracing)
                                                      • 4e: Parsing (Combinators)
                                                      • 4f: Parsing (Rule-Builders)
                                                      • 4g: Parsing (Outside Caller)
                                                      • 4h: Parsing (ASCII Glyphs)
                                                      • 4i: Parsing (Useful Idioms)
                                                      • 4j: Parsing (Bases and Base Digits)
                                                      • 4k: Atom Printing
                                                      • 4l: Atom Parsing
                                                      • 4m: Formatting Functions
                                                      • 4n: Virtualization
                                                      • 4o: Molds
                                                      • 5a: Compiler Utilities
                                                      • 5b: Macro Expansion
                                                      • 5c: Compiler Backend & Prettyprinter
                                                      • 5d: Parser
                                                      • 5e: Molds and mold builders
                                                      • 5f: Profiling support
                                                      • Runes

                                                        • Constants (Atoms and Strings)
                                                        • + lus · Arms
                                                        • | bar · Cores
                                                        • $ buc · Structures
                                                        • % cen · Calls
                                                        • : col · Cells
                                                        • . dot · Nock
                                                        • / fas · Imports
                                                        • ^ ket · Casts
                                                        • ; mic · Make
                                                        • ~ sig · Hints
                                                        • = tis · Subject
                                                        • ? wut · Conditionals
                                                        • ! zap · Wild
                                                        • --, == Terminators
                                                        • Limbs and wings

                                                          • Limbs
                                                          • Wings
                                                          • Zuse

                                                            • 2d(1-5): To JSON, Wains
                                                            • 2d(6): From JSON
                                                            • 2d(7): From JSON (unit)
                                                            • 2e(2-3): Print & Parse JSON
                                                            • 2m: Ordered Maps
                                                          • Arvo

                                                            • Overview
                                                            • Ames

                                                              • Overview
                                                              • Cryptography
                                                              • API Reference
                                                              • Scry Reference
                                                              • Data Types
                                                              • Behn

                                                                • Overview
                                                                • API Reference
                                                                • Scry Reference
                                                                • Examples
                                                                • Clay

                                                                  • Overview
                                                                  • Architecture
                                                                  • Using Clay
                                                                  • Data Types
                                                                  • Scry Reference
                                                                  • API Reference
                                                                  • Examples
                                                                  • Marks

                                                                    • Overview
                                                                    • Writing Marks
                                                                    • Using Marks
                                                                    • Examples
                                                                  • Dill

                                                                    • Overview
                                                                    • API Reference
                                                                    • Scry Reference
                                                                    • Data Types
                                                                    • Eyre

                                                                      • Overview
                                                                      • External API Reference
                                                                      • Internal API Reference
                                                                      • Scry Reference
                                                                      • Data Types
                                                                      • Guide
                                                                      • Gall

                                                                        • Overview
                                                                        • API Reference
                                                                        • Scry Reference
                                                                        • Data Types
                                                                        • Iris

                                                                          • Overview
                                                                          • API Reference
                                                                          • Data Types
                                                                          • Example
                                                                          • Jael

                                                                            • Overview
                                                                            • API Reference
                                                                            • Scry Reference
                                                                            • Data Types
                                                                            • Examples
                                                                            • Khan

                                                                              • Overview
                                                                              • API Reference
                                                                              • Data Types
                                                                              • Example
                                                                              • Threads

                                                                                • Overview
                                                                                • HTTP API
                                                                                • Reference
                                                                                • Strandio
                                                                                • Gall

                                                                                  • Start Thread
                                                                                  • Take Result
                                                                                  • Take Facts
                                                                                  • Stop Thread
                                                                                  • Poke Thread
                                                                                  • Examples

                                                                                    • Fetch JSON
                                                                                    • Child Thread
                                                                                    • Main-loop
                                                                                    • Poke Agent
                                                                                    • Scry
                                                                                    • Take Fact
                                                                                  • Concepts

                                                                                    • Scries
                                                                                    • Subscriptions
                                                                                    • Tutorials

                                                                                      • Move Trace
                                                                                      • Reference

                                                                                        • Cryptography
                                                                                        • Filesystem Hierarchy
                                                                                      • Nock

                                                                                        • Nock Definition
                                                                                        • Explanation
                                                                                        • Example
                                                                                        • Implementations
                                                                                        • Vere

                                                                                          • C Runtime System
                                                                                          • Land of Nouns
                                                                                          • API overview by prefix
                                                                                          • C in Urbit
                                                                                          • Writing Jets
                                                                                          • Cryptography
                                                                                          • Azimuth

                                                                                            • Overview
                                                                                            • Urbit HD Wallet
                                                                                            • Azimuth Data Flow
                                                                                            • Azimuth.eth
                                                                                            • Ecliptic.eth
                                                                                            • Advanced Azimuth Tools
                                                                                            • Life and Rift
                                                                                            • Layer 2

                                                                                              • Layer 2 Overview
                                                                                              • Layer 2 Actions
                                                                                              • Transaction Format
                                                                                              • Rollers
                                                                                              • Roller HTTP RPC-API
                                                                                              • Custom Roller Tutorial
                                                                                            • Glossary

                                                                                              • Agent
                                                                                              • Ames
                                                                                              • API
                                                                                              • Aqua
                                                                                              • Arm
                                                                                              • Arvo
                                                                                              • Atom
                                                                                              • Aura
                                                                                              • Aural ASCII
                                                                                              • Azimuth
                                                                                              • Battery
                                                                                              • Behn
                                                                                              • Bowl
                                                                                              • Bridge
                                                                                              • Bunt
                                                                                              • Card
                                                                                              • Case
                                                                                              • Cask
                                                                                              • Cell
                                                                                              • Censures
                                                                                              • Claims
                                                                                              • Clay
                                                                                              • Cold atom
                                                                                              • Comet
                                                                                              • Commit
                                                                                              • Cons
                                                                                              • Context
                                                                                              • Cord
                                                                                              • Core
                                                                                              • Delegated Sending
                                                                                              • Desk
                                                                                              • Dill
                                                                                              • Document Proposal
                                                                                              • Dojo
                                                                                              • Door
                                                                                              • Double-boot
                                                                                              • Dry Gate
                                                                                              • Duct
                                                                                              • Ecliptic
                                                                                              • Entropy
                                                                                              • Event Log
                                                                                              • Eyre
                                                                                              • Face
                                                                                              • Fact
                                                                                              • Foo Bar Baz
                                                                                              • Galaxy
                                                                                              • Gall
                                                                                              • Garden
                                                                                              • Gate
                                                                                              • Generator
                                                                                              • Gift
                                                                                              • Glob
                                                                                              • HD Wallet
                                                                                              • Helm
                                                                                              • Hood
                                                                                              • Hoon
                                                                                              • Invite Tree
                                                                                              • Iris
                                                                                              • Jael
                                                                                              • Jet
                                                                                              • Kelvin versioning
                                                                                              • Kernel
                                                                                              • Keyfile
                                                                                              • Keywords
                                                                                              • Khan
                                                                                              • Kiln
                                                                                              • Landscape
                                                                                              • Leg
                                                                                              • List
                                                                                              • Loobean
                                                                                              • Lull
                                                                                              • Mark
                                                                                              • Metals
                                                                                              • Mold
                                                                                              • Monad
                                                                                              • Moon
                                                                                              • Move
                                                                                              • Nock
                                                                                              • Noun
                                                                                              • ~
                                                                                              • OTA Updates
                                                                                              • Path Prefix
                                                                                              • Path
                                                                                              • @p
                                                                                              • Payload
                                                                                              • Peek
                                                                                              • pH
                                                                                              • Pier
                                                                                              • Pill
                                                                                              • Planet
                                                                                              • Poke
                                                                                              • Proxies
                                                                                              • Scry
                                                                                              • Replay
                                                                                              • Factory Reset
                                                                                              • Roller
                                                                                              • Naive rollups
                                                                                              • Rune
                                                                                              • Runtime
                                                                                              • Sail
                                                                                              • Sample
                                                                                              • Scry
                                                                                              • Senate
                                                                                              • Ship
                                                                                              • Slam
                                                                                              • Spider
                                                                                              • Sponsor
                                                                                              • Star
                                                                                              • String
                                                                                              • Subject Oriented Programming
                                                                                              • Subject
                                                                                              • Subscription
                                                                                              • Tape
                                                                                              • Thread
                                                                                              • Trap
                                                                                              • Udon
                                                                                              • Upgrade Proposal
                                                                                              • Userspace
                                                                                              • Vane
                                                                                              • Vase
                                                                                              • Vere
                                                                                              • Voting
                                                                                              • Warm atom
                                                                                              • Wet Gate
                                                                                              • Wing
                                                                                              • Wire
                                                                                              • Wrapper
                                                                                              • ~zod
                                                                                              • Zuse
                                                                                              • Additional

                                                                                                • Cryptography
                                                                                                • Mips (Maps of Maps)
                                                                                                • Software Distribution

                                                                                                  • Overview
                                                                                                  • Docket File
                                                                                                  • Glob
                                                                                                  • Docs App

                                                                                                    • Overview
                                                                                                    • File Format
                                                                                                    • Index File
                                                                                                    • Suggested Structure
                                                                                                  Reference/Hoon/Standard Library

                                                                                                  4n: Virtualization

                                                                                                  ++mack

                                                                                                  Nock subject to unit

                                                                                                  Accepts a nock subject-formula cell and wraps it into a unit. fol is pure nock, meaning that nock 11 operations result in a block, producing a ~.

                                                                                                  Accepts

                                                                                                  sub is a subject noun.

                                                                                                  fol is a formula noun, which is generally a nock.

                                                                                                  Produces

                                                                                                  The unit of a noun.

                                                                                                  Source

                                                                                                  ++ mack
                                                                                                  |= [sub=* fol=*]
                                                                                                  ^- (unit)
                                                                                                  =/ ton (mink [sub fol] |~(^ ~))
                                                                                                  ?.(?=(%0 -.ton) ~ `product.ton)

                                                                                                  Examples

                                                                                                  > (mack [[1 2 3] [0 1]])
                                                                                                  [~ [1 2 3]]
                                                                                                  > (mack [41 4 0 1])
                                                                                                  [~ 42]
                                                                                                  > (mack [4 0 4])
                                                                                                  ~
                                                                                                  > (mack [[[0 2] [1 3]] 4 4 4 4 0 5])
                                                                                                  [~ 6]
                                                                                                  > ;;((unit @tas) (mack [[1 %yes %no] 6 [0 2] [0 6] 0 7]))
                                                                                                  [~ %no]

                                                                                                  ++mink

                                                                                                  Mock interpreter

                                                                                                  Bottom-level mock (virtual nock) interpreter. Produces a tone, a nock computation result. If nock 12 is invoked, scry computes on the subject and produces a (unit (unit)) result. An empty result becomes a %1 tone, indicating a block.

                                                                                                  Accepts

                                                                                                  subject is the subject as a noun.

                                                                                                  formula is the formula as a noun.

                                                                                                  scry is an %iron gate invoked with nock operator 12.

                                                                                                  Produces

                                                                                                  A tone.

                                                                                                  Source

                                                                                                  ++ mink !.
                                                                                                  ~/ %mink
                                                                                                  |= $: [subject=* formula=*]
                                                                                                  scry=$-(^ (unit (unit)))
                                                                                                  ==
                                                                                                  =| trace=(list [@ta *])
                                                                                                  |^ ^- tone
                                                                                                  ?+ formula [%2 trace]
                                                                                                  [^ *]
                                                                                                  =/ head $(formula -.formula)
                                                                                                  ?. ?=(%0 -.head) head
                                                                                                  =/ tail $(formula +.formula)
                                                                                                  ?. ?=(%0 -.tail) tail
                                                                                                  [%0 product.head product.tail]
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  [%0 axis=@]
                                                                                                  =/ part (frag axis.formula subject)
                                                                                                  ?~ part [%2 trace]
                                                                                                  [%0 u.part]
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  [%1 constant=*]
                                                                                                  [%0 constant.formula]
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  [%2 subject=* formula=*]
                                                                                                  =/ subject $(formula subject.formula)
                                                                                                  ?. ?=(%0 -.subject) subject
                                                                                                  =/ formula $(formula formula.formula)
                                                                                                  ?. ?=(%0 -.formula) formula
                                                                                                  %= $
                                                                                                  subject product.subject
                                                                                                  formula product.formula
                                                                                                  ==
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  [%3 argument=*]
                                                                                                  =/ argument $(formula argument.formula)
                                                                                                  ?. ?=(%0 -.argument) argument
                                                                                                  [%0 .?(product.argument)]
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  [%4 argument=*]
                                                                                                  =/ argument $(formula argument.formula)
                                                                                                  ?. ?=(%0 -.argument) argument
                                                                                                  ?^ product.argument [%2 trace]
                                                                                                  [%0 .+(product.argument)]
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  [%5 a=* b=*]
                                                                                                  =/ a $(formula a.formula)
                                                                                                  ?. ?=(%0 -.a) a
                                                                                                  =/ b $(formula b.formula)
                                                                                                  ?. ?=(%0 -.b) b
                                                                                                  [%0 =(product.a product.b)]
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  [%6 test=* yes=* no=*]
                                                                                                  =/ result $(formula test.formula)
                                                                                                  ?. ?=(%0 -.result) result
                                                                                                  ?+ product.result
                                                                                                  [%2 trace]
                                                                                                  %& $(formula yes.formula)
                                                                                                  %| $(formula no.formula)
                                                                                                  ==
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  [%7 subject=* next=*]
                                                                                                  =/ subject $(formula subject.formula)
                                                                                                  ?. ?=(%0 -.subject) subject
                                                                                                  %= $
                                                                                                  subject product.subject
                                                                                                  formula next.formula
                                                                                                  ==
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  [%8 head=* next=*]
                                                                                                  =/ head $(formula head.formula)
                                                                                                  ?. ?=(%0 -.head) head
                                                                                                  %= $
                                                                                                  subject [product.head subject]
                                                                                                  formula next.formula
                                                                                                  ==
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  [%9 axis=@ core=*]
                                                                                                  =/ core $(formula core.formula)
                                                                                                  ?. ?=(%0 -.core) core
                                                                                                  =/ arm (frag axis.formula product.core)
                                                                                                  ?~ arm [%2 trace]
                                                                                                  %= $
                                                                                                  subject product.core
                                                                                                  formula u.arm
                                                                                                  ==
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  [%10 [axis=@ value=*] target=*]
                                                                                                  ?: =(0 axis.formula) [%2 trace]
                                                                                                  =/ target $(formula target.formula)
                                                                                                  ?. ?=(%0 -.target) target
                                                                                                  =/ value $(formula value.formula)
                                                                                                  ?. ?=(%0 -.value) value
                                                                                                  =/ mutant=(unit *)
                                                                                                  (edit axis.formula product.target product.value)
                                                                                                  ?~ mutant [%2 trace]
                                                                                                  [%0 u.mutant]
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  [%11 tag=@ next=*]
                                                                                                  =/ next $(formula next.formula)
                                                                                                  ?. ?=(%0 -.next) next
                                                                                                  :- %0
                                                                                                  .* subject
                                                                                                  [11 tag.formula 1 product.next]
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  [%11 [tag=@ clue=*] next=*]
                                                                                                  =/ clue $(formula clue.formula)
                                                                                                  ?. ?=(%0 -.clue) clue
                                                                                                  =/ next
                                                                                                  =? trace
                                                                                                  ?=(?(%hunk %hand %lose %mean %spot) tag.formula)
                                                                                                  [[tag.formula product.clue] trace]
                                                                                                  $(formula next.formula)
                                                                                                  ?. ?=(%0 -.next) next
                                                                                                  :- %0
                                                                                                  .* subject
                                                                                                  [11 [tag.formula 1 product.clue] 1 product.next]
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  [%12 ref=* path=*]
                                                                                                  =/ ref $(formula ref.formula)
                                                                                                  ?. ?=(%0 -.ref) ref
                                                                                                  =/ path $(formula path.formula)
                                                                                                  ?. ?=(%0 -.path) path
                                                                                                  =/ result (scry product.ref product.path)
                                                                                                  ?~ result
                                                                                                  [%1 product.path]
                                                                                                  ?~ u.result
                                                                                                  [%2 [%hunk product.ref product.path] trace]
                                                                                                  [%0 u.u.result]
                                                                                                  ==
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  ++ frag
                                                                                                  |= [axis=@ noun=*]
                                                                                                  ^- (unit)
                                                                                                  ?: =(0 axis) ~
                                                                                                  |- ^- (unit)
                                                                                                  ?: =(1 axis) `noun
                                                                                                  ?@ noun ~
                                                                                                  =/ pick (cap axis)
                                                                                                  %= $
                                                                                                  axis (mas axis)
                                                                                                  noun ?-(pick %2 -.noun, %3 +.noun)
                                                                                                  ==
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  ++ edit
                                                                                                  |= [axis=@ target=* value=*]
                                                                                                  ^- (unit)
                                                                                                  ?: =(1 axis) `value
                                                                                                  ?@ target ~
                                                                                                  =/ pick (cap axis)
                                                                                                  =/ mutant
                                                                                                  %= $
                                                                                                  axis (mas axis)
                                                                                                  target ?-(pick %2 -.target, %3 +.target)
                                                                                                  ==
                                                                                                  ?~ mutant ~
                                                                                                  ?- pick
                                                                                                  %2 `[u.mutant +.target]
                                                                                                  %3 `[-.target u.mutant]
                                                                                                  ==
                                                                                                  --

                                                                                                  Examples

                                                                                                  > (mink [20 [4 0 1]] ,~)
                                                                                                  [%0 product=21]
                                                                                                  > (mink [[[4 5] [6 14 15]] [0 7]] ,~)
                                                                                                  [%0 product=[14 15]]
                                                                                                  > (mink [42 12 [0 1] [1 73]] |=(a=^ ``(add (,[@ @] a))))
                                                                                                  [%0 product=115]
                                                                                                  > (mink [0 12 [1 0] [1 0]] |=(* ~))
                                                                                                  [%1 block=0]
                                                                                                  > (mink [42 0 2] ,~)
                                                                                                  [%2 trace=~]

                                                                                                  ++mock

                                                                                                  Compute formula on subject with hint

                                                                                                  Produces a toon, which is either a sucessful, blocked, or crashed result. If nock 11 is invoked, gul computes on the subject and produces a (unit (unit)) result. An empty result becomes a %1 tune, indicating a block.

                                                                                                  Accepts

                                                                                                  sub is the subject as a noun.

                                                                                                  fol is the formula as a noun.

                                                                                                  gul is an %iron gate invoked with nock operator 11.

                                                                                                  Produces

                                                                                                  The unit of a noun.

                                                                                                  Source

                                                                                                  ++ mock
                                                                                                  |= [[sub=* fol=*] gul=$-(^ (unit (unit)))]
                                                                                                  (mook (mink [sub fol] gul))

                                                                                                  Examples

                                                                                                  > (mock [5 4 0 1] ,~)
                                                                                                  [%0 p=6]
                                                                                                  > (mock [0 12 [0 1] [0 1]] |=(* ``999))
                                                                                                  [%0 p=999]
                                                                                                  > (mock [42 12 [0 1] [0 1]] |=(* ~))
                                                                                                  [%1 p=42]
                                                                                                  > (mock [42 0 2] ,~)
                                                                                                  [%2 p=~]

                                                                                                  ++mook

                                                                                                  Intelligently render crash annotation

                                                                                                  Converts a %2 tone nock stack trace to a list of tank. Each may be a tank, cord, spot, or trapped tank.

                                                                                                  Accepts

                                                                                                  ton is a tone.

                                                                                                  Produces

                                                                                                  A toon.

                                                                                                  Source

                                                                                                  ++ mook
                                                                                                  |= ton=tone
                                                                                                  ^- toon
                                                                                                  ?. ?=([%2 *] ton)
                                                                                                  ton
                                                                                                  |^ [%2 (turn skip rend)]
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  ++ skip
                                                                                                  ^+ trace.ton
                                                                                                  =/ yel (lent trace.ton)
                                                                                                  ?. (gth yel 1.024) trace.ton
                                                                                                  %+ weld
                                                                                                  (scag 512 trace.ton)
                                                                                                  ^+ trace.ton
                                                                                                  :_ (slag (sub yel 512) trace.ton)
                                                                                                  :- %lose
                                                                                                  (crip "[skipped {(scow %ud (sub yel 1.024))} frames]")
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  :: +rend: raw stack frame to tank
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  :: $% [%hunk ref=* path] :: failed scry ([~ ~])
                                                                                                  :: [%lose cord] :: skipped frames
                                                                                                  :: [%hand *] :: mug any
                                                                                                  :: [%mean $@(cord (trap tank))] :: ~_ et al
                                                                                                  :: [%spot spot] :: source location
                                                                                                  :: ==
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  ++ rend
                                                                                                  |= [tag=@ta dat=*]
                                                                                                  ^- tank
                                                                                                  ?+ tag
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  leaf+"mook.{(rip 3 tag)}"
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  %hunk
                                                                                                  ?@ dat leaf+"mook.hunk"
                                                                                                  =/ sof=(unit path) ((soft path) +.dat)
                                                                                                  ?~ sof leaf+"mook.hunk"
                                                                                                  (smyt u.sof)
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  %lose
                                                                                                  ?^ dat leaf+"mook.lose"
                                                                                                  leaf+(rip 3 dat)
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  %hand
                                                                                                  leaf+(scow %p (mug dat))
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  %mean
                                                                                                  ?@ dat leaf+(rip 3 dat)
                                                                                                  =/ mac (mack dat -.dat)
                                                                                                  ?~ mac leaf+"####"
                                                                                                  =/ sof ((soft tank) u.mac)
                                                                                                  ?~ sof leaf+"mook.mean"
                                                                                                  u.sof
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  %spot
                                                                                                  =/ sof=(unit spot) ((soft spot) dat)
                                                                                                  ?~ sof leaf+"mook.spot"
                                                                                                  :+ %rose [":" ~ ~]
                                                                                                  :~ (smyt p.u.sof)
                                                                                                  =* l p.q.u.sof
                                                                                                  =* r q.q.u.sof
                                                                                                  =/ ud |=(a=@u (scow %ud a))
                                                                                                  leaf+"<[{(ud p.l)} {(ud q.l)}].[{(ud p.r)} {(ud q.r)}]>"
                                                                                                  ==
                                                                                                  ==
                                                                                                  --

                                                                                                  Examples

                                                                                                  > (mook [%0 5 4 5 1])
                                                                                                  [%0 p=[5 4 5 1]]
                                                                                                  > (mook [%2 ~[[%hunk %rose ["<" "," ">"] ~[[%leaf "err"]]]]])
                                                                                                  [%2 p=~[[%leaf p="mook.hunk"]]]
                                                                                                  > (mook [%2 ~[[%mean |.(>(add 5 6)<)]]])
                                                                                                  [%2 p=~[[%leaf p="11"]]]
                                                                                                  > (mook [%2 ~[[%spot /b/repl [1 1]^[1 2]] [%mean |.(!!)]]])
                                                                                                  [ %2
                                                                                                  p
                                                                                                  ~[
                                                                                                  [ %rose
                                                                                                  p=[p=":" q="" r=""]
                                                                                                  q
                                                                                                  [ i
                                                                                                  [ %rose
                                                                                                  p=[p="/" q="/" r=""]
                                                                                                  q=[i=[%leaf p="b"] t=[i=[%leaf p="repl"] t=~]]
                                                                                                  ]
                                                                                                  t=[i=[%leaf p="<[1 1].[1 2]>"] t=~]
                                                                                                  ]
                                                                                                  ]
                                                                                                  [%leaf p="####"]
                                                                                                  ]
                                                                                                  ]

                                                                                                  ++mole

                                                                                                  Typed unitary virtual

                                                                                                  Kicks a trap, producing its result in a unit if successful, or a null unit if it crashed. Unitized version of ++mule.

                                                                                                  Accepts

                                                                                                  tap is a trap.

                                                                                                  Produces

                                                                                                  A (unit *), where the * will be the type produced by the expression.

                                                                                                  Source

                                                                                                  ++ mole
                                                                                                  ~/ %mole
                                                                                                  |* tap=(trap)
                                                                                                  ^- (unit _$:tap)
                                                                                                  =/ mur (mure tap)
                                                                                                  ?~(mur ~ `$:tap)

                                                                                                  Examples

                                                                                                  > (mole |.(`@t`(add 50 47)))
                                                                                                  [~ 'a']
                                                                                                  > (mole |.(~|('Error!' !!)))
                                                                                                  ~

                                                                                                  ++mong

                                                                                                  Slam gate with sample

                                                                                                  Produces a toon computation result from slamming gat with sam, using gul to compute or block on nock 11 when applicable.

                                                                                                  Accepts

                                                                                                  gat is a noun that is generally a gate.

                                                                                                  sam is a sample noun.

                                                                                                  gul is an %iron gate invoked with nock operator 11.

                                                                                                  Produces

                                                                                                  A toon.

                                                                                                  Source

                                                                                                  ++ mong
                                                                                                  |= [[gat=* sam=*] gul=$-(^ (unit (unit)))]
                                                                                                  ^- toon
                                                                                                  ?. ?=([* ^] gat) [%2 ~]
                                                                                                  (mock [gat(+< sam) %9 2 %0 1] gul)

                                                                                                  Examples

                                                                                                  > (mong [|=(@ 20) ~] ,~)
                                                                                                  [%0 p=20]
                                                                                                  > (mong [|=(@ !!) ~] ,~)
                                                                                                  [%2 p=~]
                                                                                                  > (mong [|=(a=@ (add 20 a)) ~] ,~)
                                                                                                  [%0 p=20]
                                                                                                  > (mong [|=(a=[@ @] (add 20 -.a)) ~] ,~)
                                                                                                  [%2 p=~]
                                                                                                  > (mong [|=(a=[@ @] (add 20 -.a)) [4 6]] ,~)
                                                                                                  [%0 p=24]
                                                                                                  > (mong [|=(a=@ .^(* a)) 99] |=(^ ``+<))
                                                                                                  [%0 p=[[140 1.853.189.998] 99]]
                                                                                                  > (mong [|=(a=@ .^(@ a)) 99] |=([* a=*] ``+((,@ a))))
                                                                                                  [%0 p=100]

                                                                                                  ++mule

                                                                                                  Typed virtual

                                                                                                  Kicks a trap, producing its results or any errors that occur along the way. Used to lazily compute stack traces.

                                                                                                  Accepts

                                                                                                  tap is a trap, generally producing a list of tanks.

                                                                                                  Produces

                                                                                                  An (each * (list tank)) - %.y indicates success and %.n indicates a crash.

                                                                                                  Source

                                                                                                  ++ mule
                                                                                                  ~/ %mule
                                                                                                  |* tap=(trap)
                                                                                                  =/ mud (mute tap)
                                                                                                  ?- -.mud
                                                                                                  %& [%& p=$:tap]
                                                                                                  %| [%| p=p.mud]
                                                                                                  ==

                                                                                                  Examples

                                                                                                  > (mule |.((add 1 1)))
                                                                                                  [%.y p=2]
                                                                                                  > (mule |.(~|(%error !!)))
                                                                                                  [%.n p=~[[%leaf p="%error"]]]

                                                                                                  ++mure

                                                                                                  Untyped unitary virtual

                                                                                                  Kicks a trap, producing its results in a unit which is null if it crashed. The result is just a noun, no type information is preserved.

                                                                                                  Accepts

                                                                                                  A trap.

                                                                                                  Produces

                                                                                                  A (unit *).

                                                                                                  Source

                                                                                                  ++ mure
                                                                                                  |= tap=(trap)
                                                                                                  ^- (unit)
                                                                                                  =/ ton (mink [tap %9 2 %0 1] |=((pair) ``.*(~ [%12 1+p 1+q])))
                                                                                                  ?.(?=(%0 -.ton) ~ `product.ton)

                                                                                                  Examples

                                                                                                  > (mure |.(~|(%error !!)))
                                                                                                  ~
                                                                                                  > (mure |.((add 1 1)))
                                                                                                  [~ 2]
                                                                                                  > (mure |.('foo'))
                                                                                                  [~ 7.303.014]
                                                                                                  > ((unit @t) (mure |.('foo')))
                                                                                                  [~ 'foo']

                                                                                                  ++mute

                                                                                                  Untyped virtual

                                                                                                  Kicks a trap, producing its result as a noun or the tanks of any error that occurs. Similar to ++mule, but preserves no type information.

                                                                                                  Accepts

                                                                                                  tap is a trap.

                                                                                                  Produces

                                                                                                  A (each * (list tank)), where %.y indicates success and %.n indicates failure.

                                                                                                  Source

                                                                                                  ++ mute
                                                                                                  |= tap=(trap)
                                                                                                  ^- (each * (list tank))
                                                                                                  =/ ton (mock [tap %9 2 %0 1] |=((pair) ``.*(~ [%12 1+p 1+q])))
                                                                                                  ?- -.ton
                                                                                                  %0 [%& p.ton]
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  %1 =/ sof=(unit path) ((soft path) p.ton)
                                                                                                  [%| ?~(sof leaf+"mute.hunk" (smyt u.sof)) ~]
                                                                                                  ::
                                                                                                  %2 [%| p.ton]
                                                                                                  ==

                                                                                                  Examples

                                                                                                  > (mute |.(leaf+"hello"))
                                                                                                  [%.y p=[1.717.658.988 104 101 108 108 111 0]]
                                                                                                  > (mute |.(!!))
                                                                                                  [%.n p=~]
                                                                                                  > (mute |.(~|(%error !!)))
                                                                                                  [%.n p=~[[%leaf p="%error"]]]
                                                                                                  > (mute |.((cat 3 'foo' 'bar')))
                                                                                                  [%.y p=125.762.588.864.358]

                                                                                                  ++slum

                                                                                                  Slam a gate on a sample using raw nock, untyped

                                                                                                  Slam gat with sam. Uses a raw .* nock expression internally and does not preserve type information for the result. This will crash if evaluation crashes.

                                                                                                  Examples

                                                                                                  > (slum |=([a=@ b=@] (add a b)) [7 9])
                                                                                                  16
                                                                                                  > (slum (cury cat 3) ['foo' 'bar'])
                                                                                                  125.762.588.864.358
                                                                                                  > (@t (slum (cury cat 3) ['foo' 'bar']))
                                                                                                  'foobar'
                                                                                                  > (slum |=(* !!) 42)
                                                                                                  dojo: hoon expression failed

                                                                                                  ++soft

                                                                                                  Virtual clam

                                                                                                  Clam (mold) noun fud with mold han, producing a unit of the result. The unit is null if clamming failed. This is curried, so the soft-clamming gate can be stored and called repeatedly.

                                                                                                  Accepts

                                                                                                  han is a mold.

                                                                                                  fud is a noun.

                                                                                                  Produces

                                                                                                  A (unit *), where the * will be the type produced by the mold.

                                                                                                  Source

                                                                                                  ++ soft
                                                                                                  |* han=$-(* *)
                                                                                                  |=(fud=* (mole |.((han fud))))

                                                                                                  Examples

                                                                                                  > ((soft @t) 97)
                                                                                                  [~ 'a']
                                                                                                  > ((soft @t) [1 2])
                                                                                                  ~
                                                                                                  > ((soft ,[@ux @ux]) ['a' 'b'])
                                                                                                  [~ [0x61 0x62]]

                                                                                                  <-

                                                                                                  4m: Formatting Functions

                                                                                                  4o: Molds

                                                                                                  ->

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                                                                                                  Last modified August 30, 2023